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家长与自闭症孩子交流时的建议

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发表于 2016-1-25 14:31:22 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
本帖最后由 自闭症新闻 于 2016-1-25 18:22 编辑

翻译:豆苗翻译
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家长与孩子交流时的建议-快速参考指南


Communication Tips for Parents - Quick ReferenceGuide

家长与孩子交流时的建议-快速参考指南

来源:

http://www.autism.org.uk/living- ... n-tips-for-parents-

quick-reference-guide.aspx





This is a quickreference guide where we suggest strategies you might try forovercoming difficulties you

have communicating with yourchild.

这是一篇快速参考指南,其中包括一些我们建议用于您克服与孩子交流时遇到困难的策略。



My child does notpay attention to me when I am talking to them

当我在和孩子说话时,他们无法集中注意力。



Always use yourchild’s name at the beginning, when you are saying something, sothat they know you are

talking to them.

当您说话时,开头总是叫出孩子的名字,便于让他们知道您在对他们说话。



Make sure yourchild is paying attention before you ask a question or give aninstruction. This might mean

waiting for them to look at you or inyour direction.

在您对孩子提出问题或给出指令之前,确保他们在专心听。这意味着您应当等待孩子看着您或朝着您的方向看时再说话。



Use your child'sspecial interest, or the activity they are currently doing, toengage them. Your child will

be more motivated to listen if theyare interested in the activity.

利用您的孩子感兴趣的东西,或者他们正在进行的活动,来吸引他们的注意力。对某项活动的兴趣会驱使孩子认真倾听。



Mychild has difficulty processing the information that is said tothem.

我的孩子在理解他们听到的信息时有困难。




当您的孩子表现出焦躁情绪时,减少你们之间的交流(包括非语言方式;眼神交流,面部表情,手势,身体语言等等)。

在极度焦躁的情况下,处理信息对他们来说变得困难。



Use visualsupports (eg symbols,timetables, SocialStories©) to help themto process the information more

easily.

使用视觉材料(例如:符号,时间表,社会故事),以便他们更轻松地处理信息。





Speak clearly andprecisely using short sentences.  A child withautism can find it difficult to filter out

the less importantinformation. If there is too much information, it can lead to‘overload’, where no

further information can beprocessed.

使用清晰而准确的短句。对自闭症儿童而言,过滤次要信息是有一定困难的。如果信息量太大,会引起“信息过载”,这

时孩子就无法处理更多的信息。



Don’t use toomany questions. Children with autism may find ‘where’, ‘when’, and‘who’ questions

difficult.  ‘Why’ questions maynot be useful.

不要提太多问题。自闭症儿童对回答类似“哪里”,“什么时候”,“谁”这样的的问题就已经有困难。而像“为什么”

这样的问题可能会收效甚微。



Be aware of theenvironment (noisy/crowded etc?) that you are in. It may beaffecting how much your child can

process.

注意你所处的环境(是否吵闹或拥挤等?)。这可能会影响孩子能够处理的信息量/处理信息的效率。



Wait for yourchild to respond or complete the task before repeating yourself orgiving further instruction.

It can take up to 30 seconds for achild with autism to process information.

在重复自己的话或给出更多指令之前,先等待您的孩子做出回应或完成任务。一个患有自闭症的孩子最多需要30秒的时间

来处理信息。


My child has difficulty answering open endedquestions.
我的孩子在回答开放性问题时有困难/比较吃力。



Structure yourquestions. For example, offer options or choices rather than themhaving to think of the

options themselves.

注意问题的结构。比如,在问题中提供选项而不是他们自己思考有哪些选择。



Keep yourquestions short.  

提出简短的问题。



Be specific. Forexample, ask “How was lunchtime?” and “How was maths?” rather than“How was your day?”

which may be toobroad.

让您的问题具体化。比如,问孩子“午餐吃的如何?”和“数学课上得怎么样?”这样的问题,而不是像“今天过得怎么样

?”这种太宽泛的问题。



Ask only the mostnecessary questions. This minimizes the decision-making your childhas to do on a daily

basis.

只询问最必要的问题。这有助于尽可能减少孩子日常生活中做决定的频率。



Whatcan I do to develop my child’s communication skills?

为了帮助我的孩子培养交流技能,我可以做些什么?



Reward and praiseany spontaneous communication or appropriate behaviors that yourchild shows you eg “Good

sharing”. By rewarding them, you areincreasing the likelihood of it happening again.

奖励和称赞孩子任何主动的交流或恰当的行为,例如“与人分享”。在奖励他们的同时,您也增加了这些行为再次发生的

可能性。



Use role play.Role play can be a great way for showing your child appropriateframeworks for social

interaction and exploring how things can gowrong/what to avoid.

角色扮演。角色扮演游戏能使孩子了解恰当的社会关系框架,探索事物朝向错误方向发展的过程,理解他们应当避免什么





Use expansions -adding one more piece of information to what your child says. Forexample, if they say ‘car

’, you can reply ’yes, blue car’. That wayyou are only giving them one more piece of information

toprocess.

进行适当的拓展。-在孩子所说的话的基础上增加一条信息。例如,如果他们说“车”,您可以这样回应“是的,蓝色的车

”。这样,您就能多提供了一条的信息让他们处理。



Makeopportunities for your child to communicate. For example, if theywant a biscuit, give them a jar or tin

that is difficult to open sothat they have to ask for help. Try not to always solve theirissues for them.

If you are singing songs with your child, pause tosee if your child can sing the next part. You may need to

promptthem with a sound cue.

为孩子创造交流的机会。例如,如果他们想要一块饼干,给他们一个较难开启的罐子或者罐头,这样他们只能寻求帮助。

不要总是帮他们解决问题。如果您在和孩子一起唱歌,您可以停下来看孩子能否可以唱出自己下一部分。这可能需要您发

出声音信号来进行引导/这可能需要您给孩子起个头。



Support yourchild’s communication with visual supports. For free visualresources, visit www.do2learn.com

用视觉材料来支持您孩子的交流。免费的视觉支持资源,请登陆www.do2learn.com



If your child hasonly recently started to talk, use single words to communicate withthem, for example,

labeling their favourite toys and foods when youare using/playing with them.

如果您的孩子最近才开始说话,用单独的字词与他们交流。例如,当您在使用或是和他们一起玩他们最喜爱的玩具和食物

,指出这些物品。



Can I do anythingto our home environment to support my child’scommunication?

我应如何改变家庭环境,使其有助于孩子的交流?



Provide a lowarousal environment if your child is over-sensitive to noise,light, heat and/or smells. For

example, limiting disruption orbackground noise can help the child to focus. For more onenvironment and

surroundings,see www.autism.org.uk/18450.

如果您的孩子对于噪音,灯光和热气过于敏感的话,请为他(她)提供一个低唤醒的环境。 比如说, 限制打扰和背景噪

音可以让孩子更集中。更多关于环境和周围环境的信息,请访问以下网站: www.autism.org.uk/18450



My child isreluctant to ask for help, even though I know they don’tunderstand.

我的孩子不愿意主动寻求帮助,即使我知道他们不明白。

Givethem a visual help card for them to use to approach an adult forhelp.

为他们提供一张视觉帮助卡, 他们可以用之来主动寻求大人的帮助。



If your child shows echolalia (therepetition of words/phrases spoken by others), it can be due toyour child

not understanding the question or how best to respond.Check their understanding and support them with

visual support oroffering choices. Teach them that it is ok not to know the answersometimes, and encourage

them to ask for help.

如果你的孩子出现了模仿言语的症状(重复自己和他人的词和短语), 这有可能是因为他们不能明白这些(词或短语)或

者是怎么样去回答。检查他们是否真的了解了这些(词和短语)并且为他们提供视觉支持或者给他们选择。告诉他们不知

道怎么回答是可以接受的并且鼓励他们去主动寻求帮助。



My child alwaystakes things I say literally.

我的孩子经常只理解我说的话的字面意思



Avoid using irony, sarcasm,figurative language, rhetorical questions, idioms etc. If you douse them,

explain what you have said and be clear about what youreally mean to say.

避免使用反语,讽刺的,象征性的语言,同时也要避免使用修饰性的问题,俗语等。如果你一旦使用了, 保证你向他们解

释清楚了你所说的并且清楚地告诉他们你所说的真正的意思是什么。



My child hits meif they don’t want to do something I ask them to.

我的孩子会打我当他们不想做我让他们做的事情的时候



Try to teach your child ways ofexpressing ‘no’ or ‘stop’ rather than them using inappropriatebehaviours

to express their feelings.

试着教会你的孩子怎么样去表达“不是”和“停止”的方法而不是让他们只知道使用不恰当的行为来表达他们的情感。



Related resources

相关资源

Communication andinteraction: www.autism.org.uk/18350

交流和互动:  www.autism.org.uk/18350

Environment andsurroundings: www.autism.org.uk/18450
环境和周围环境:www.autism.org.uk/18450

Social stories and comic stripconversations:www.autism.org.uk/16261

社会故事和连环画交流: www.autism.org.uk/16261

Visualsupports: www.autism.org.uk/24388

视觉支持: www.autism.org.uk/24388



对本文的特别申明: 由于我们的医学专业知识和翻译水平有限,译文可能会有瑕疵,欢迎大家提出宝贵的意见和建议,以

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